台州污染区蔬菜中多氯联苯污染特征分析

多氯联苯（polychlorinated Biphenyls,简称PCBs）已成为全球性的重要污染物之一。实验确立了浸泡-超声提取、硫酸硅胶-去活化硅胶-硝酸银硅胶复合层析柱净化、毛细管柱气相色谱法测定植物样品中痕量多氯联苯的方法。对浙江台州地区典型污染点玉露洋村、横街、莄李王村三地的植物样品（卷心菜、南瓜）进行测定,结果显示台州典型污染区内卷心菜中PCBs的浓度范围在5.98~112.36 ng/g,南瓜叶中PCBs平均值达130.70 ng/g,茎中达59.12 ng/g,三地在总体上污染严重。PCBs同系物间的污染水平存在显著差异,二氯联苯残留量大,四氯、五氯、六氯联苯分布较广、残留较高,高氯联苯有少量存在。     

东营市孤岛地区土壤中类二噁英类PCBs的污染特征

2011年4月采集了东营市孤岛地区20个表层土壤样品,采用索氏提取-弗罗里土柱净化-气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测的方法对采集的样品进行测定,揭示了该地区表层土壤中类二英类PCBs(dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls,DL-PCBs)的污染特征.结果表明,DL-PCBs的含量范围为1.4～7.4μg·kg-1,平均含量为(3.5±1.7)μg·kg-1;DL-PCBs的毒性当量为1.2～31.8 ng·kg-1,平均值为5.4 ng·kg-1,超过了加拿大土壤环境质量标准(4.0 ng·kg-1).各采样点间DL-PCBs的同系物组成相似,均以四氯联苯和五氯联苯为主,两者之和超过DL-PCBs总量的80%;从孤岛城镇到郊区,DL-PCBs的含量逐渐降低,这与许多化工厂分布在城镇周围有关.相关性分析显示,土壤中DL-PCBs的含量与土壤有机碳含量与黏粒含量显著正相关(R2分别为0.732和0.687,P<0.01),而与土壤砂粒含量负相关(R2=-0.438,P<0.05).     

四川凉山藏彝青少年头发中多氯联苯污染水平的研究

本研究采用索式提取-气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析了39份来自四川省凉山州藏族、彝族青少年(11~19岁)头发样品中的12种类二英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的浓度水平及其同族体组成,并分析了其浓度与民族、食肉和饮奶习惯及性别的相关性.结果表明,头发样品中PCBs的检出率为100%,DL-PCBs的总含量为(102.2±14.3)pg·g-1,含量范围9.6~991.6pg·g-1,表明该地区受到DL-PCBs的污染程度较轻.PCB-77、PCB-105、PCB-118为主要单体,占ΣDL-PCBs的84.7%.凉山州彝族青少年头发样品中的PCBs浓度显著高于藏族,且其浓度与每周食肉、饮奶频次具有相关性(P0.05),表明通过饮食摄取的PCBs可能是造成浓度差异的原因之一.该地区藏、彝青少年女性发样中PCBs浓度显著高于男性(P0.05).     

中国近海海洋环境多氯联苯(PCBs)污染现状及影响因素

对中国近海海洋环境(水体、表层沉积物和生物体)中多氯联苯(PCBs)的空间分布、污染程度、来源及影响因素进行了总结,得出如下结果:①我国近海海域水体中,PCBs的含量水平呈现由北向南逐渐增加的趋势,以东部沿海工农业发达地区为最高,我国大部分近海海域水体中PCBs都超过美国EPA制定的30 ng·L-1的标准,污染比较严重;②我国近海海域表层沉积物中PCBs只有小部分超过ISQG(interim sediment quality guideline)和ERL(effects range-low)值,引起生物负效应的几率比较小,污染程度较轻;③生物体内富集的PCBs以4、5和6等高氯代联苯为主,其含量都低于《食品中污染物限量标准》2 000ng·g-1,不会对人类健康造成影响.④我国近海海洋环境中PCBs主要来源于周围大型工厂排放的废水以及电子垃圾拆解造成的PCBs泄漏,影响PCBs含量水平的主要因素有距离陆地的远近程度、水流交换情况、水量大小、季节的变化、沉积物颗粒大小、有机碳含量等等.     

废旧电容器封存点土壤中的PCBs污染特征和健康风险评价

以某废旧电容器封存点为例,研究了废旧电容器封存点土壤中PCBs的污染特征以及类二英类PCBs的毒性风险,并应用健康风险模型评估了居住用地和工业用地方式下封存点土壤PCBs污染对人体的致癌和非致癌风险.结果表明:封存点0~30 cm、30~100 cm及200~250 cm土壤中ΣPCBs平均浓度分别达到6.23、19.3和1 540 mg·kg-1,并以3~4氯代PCBs为主.毒性当量结果表明,封存点ΣWHO-TEQ最高达到457μg·kg-1,具有较高的毒性风险,其中PCB126是封存点土壤中总TEQ的主要贡献者.健康风险评价结果表明,在居民用地方式下,多种暴露途径导致的儿童及成人的累积非致癌风险(0.927~1 760)几乎都超过可接受非致癌风险水平,其中儿童为最敏感受体.工业用地方式下,除表土以外,工人的累积非致癌风险均超过了可接受水平.居住和工业用地方式下土壤中PCBs的总致癌风险均超过了可接受风险水平(10-6~10-5).不同土地利用方式下对于所有人群,经口暴露的致癌和非致癌风险都最大.     

基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的新型大气二NFDA1英监测技术研究

通过典型空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸(结合气固相分配模拟)和传统大流量大气采样仪的比对试验,探讨了基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的新型大气二英监测技术的可行性。研究表明,基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的大气固相二英毒性当量浓度和指纹特征与传统大流量大气监测技术的监测结果具有很好的可比性;基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸气固相分配模拟(利用Harner-Bidleman模型)的大气二英毒性当量浓度和指纹特征与传统大流量大气监测技术的监测结果具有很好的可比性。与传统大流量大气监测技术相比,基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的新型大气二英监测技术可以利用现有的大气自动监测网络和气固相分配模型,具有采样成本低、代表性强和易于普及等优点,适合不同区域尺度大气二英的长期同步监测。     

PCDD/Fs-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant system responses in tobacco cell suspension cultures

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are ubiquitous contaminants and can be considerably accumulated by natural plants. In order to elucidate the biochemical and physiological responses of plant to PCDD/Fs, tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells were selected as model plant and treated with time- and concentration-dependent PCDD/Fs. The toxic effect and oxidative stress caused by PCDD/Fs were evident, which could be indicted by the reduction in fresh mass, the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the damage of tobacco cell ultrastructure. PCDD/Fs tolerance was correlated with changes in antioxidant system and hormones of tobacco cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) exhibited peak enzyme activities at the PCDD/Fs concentration of 1000 ng WHO₉₈-TEQ g⁻¹ fresh weight. Glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activity increased monotonically at high level PCDD/Fs, but the activity of catalase (CAT) was only slightly affected at all treatment. Meanwhile, the exposure to PCDD/Fs resulted in the changes of hormones content. With the increase of exposure concentration of PCDD/Fs, the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) increased, whereas the concentration of jasmonates (JAs) decreased. The above results suggest that tobacco cells had the ability to cope with the oxidative stress induced by low concentration of PCDD/Fs through increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and alternating plant hormones levels. However, oxidative stress and toxicity would burst out when plant cells were exposed to the high levels of PCDD/Fs.     

Monitoring gas- and particulate-phase short-chain polychlorinated paraffins in the urban air of Dalian by a self-developed passive sampler

The concentration of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) in the urban air of Dalian,China was monitored from September 2016 to August 2017 with a self-developed passive sampler(PAS1) and an active high-volume sampler, simultaneously. PAS1 successfully collected the entire target SCCPs in the ambient air. Air SCCPs sampled by PAS1 were found be in the linear uptake stage during 181 days of sampling. Passive and active samples showed comparable congener profiles, and the dominant contributors of SCCPs in the two kinds of samples were similar. A significant linear correlation was observed between the total concentration of SCCPs sampled by PAS1 and active sampler in the four seasons. The passive sampling rates of the PAS1 for the gas and particulate phases of SCCPs were measured. The quantitative structure–property relationship of the sampling rate of PAS1(Rair) for gas-phase SCCPs was studied. From the molecular point of view, Rairwas mainly affected by the molecular weight and sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure of SCCPs. In general, SCCPs in the urban air of Dalian mainly existed in gas phase,lower molecular weight SCCPs primarily occurred in the gas phase, whereas higher molecular weight SCCPs were predominately adsorbed or absorbed on airborne particles. The air concentration of SCCPs in the four seasons were different, the correlation of the concentration of SCCPs in the air with the meteorology parameters was conducted. The exposure risk by intake air SCCPs of the residents around the sampling sites was evaluated according to the European risk assessment standards.     

环境样品中多氯联苯的分析技术

作为一种持久性有机污染物,多氯联苯在地球上的分布十分广泛。然而由于多氯联苯在环境样品中残留浓度低、干扰物质多且组成复杂,必须对环境样品进行预处理。目前较为常用的含多氯联苯样品的前处理技术有：溶剂萃取技术、固相萃取技术、固相微萃取技术、超临界萃取技术、微波萃取技术和加速溶剂萃取技术等,分析经过技术处理以后的样品常用的方法有化学分析方法和生物分析方法,化学方法包括气相色谱法,气相色谱质谱分析法等;生物方法有生物传感器测定法、表面胞质团共振检测、以Ah受体为基础的生物分析法和酶联免疫检测法。中国在这方面的研究投入不够,应加大人力、财力和物力的支持,提高环境样品中多氯联苯的检测水平。